Methods and features
Time series data is the foundation of system monitoring and forecasting, leading to a massive diversity of time series forecasting methods and models developed to analyse them (De Gooijer and Hyndman 2006). Critical slowing down based indicators (i.e. the early warning signals) are no exception but require less technical expertise than traditional forecasting techniques (Dakos et al. 2015). This simplicity in calculation holds for both univariate and multivariate assessments.